Gastropoda: Internal Form and Functions
Respiration in most gastropods is performed by a ctenidium (two ctenidia is the primitive condition, found in some prosobranchs) located […]
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Major Groups of Gastropods
Traditional classification of class Gastropoda recognizes three sub classes: Prosobranchia, the largest subclass, almost all of which are marine; Opisthobranchia,
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An Introduction to Phylum Annelida
Phylum Annelida (an-neli-da) (L. annelus, little ring, ida, pl.suffi x) consists of the segmented worms. It is a diverse phylum,
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Dividing the Body among Animals
Although a fluid-filled coelom provided an efficient hydrostatic skeleton for burrowing, precise control of body movements was probably difficult for
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Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere
In general, the air is cooler at higher altitudes. Most incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed
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Temperature Contrasts: Urban and Rural
On a hot day, rural environments will feel cooler than urban environments. In rural areas, water is taken up by
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Earth’s Surface and Air Temperature
This chapter focuses on air temperature —that is, the temperature of the air as observed at 1.2 m (4 ft)
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Gastropoda: Feeding Habits
Feeding habits of gastropods are as varied as their shapes and habitats, but all include use of some adaptation of
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Gastropoda: Torsion and Coiling
Torsion Gastropod development varies with the particular group under discussion, but in general there is a trochophore larval stage followed
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Rotifers: Reproduction
Rotifers are dioecious, and males are usually smaller than females. However, despite having separate sexes, males are entirely unknown in
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